We are not yet sure about the origin of petroleum, it probably owes its origin to fatty and waxy products from the vegetable kingdom, which were slowly converted into hydrocarbons over thousands of centuries under high pressure and at higher temperatures. In addition to petroleum, one also finds porous slates soaked with oil, asphalt and small amounts of wax here and there...read more
A drilling oil that really meets all requirements can be made with triethanolamine. So here the added fatty acid is not saponified with lye but with triethanolamine. a strongly alkaline organic substance. These soaps are completely odorless and absorb large amounts of oil into a very stable emulsion.
To do this, the lubricating oil is mixed with approximately 10% oleic acid and the oleic acid is now neutralized with triethanelamine. which requires about 5%. One can use lubricating oil with a very good lubricating capacity, which is very difficult to emulsify with other means.
These oils are also used in the textile industry. Regular oil splashes are difficult to remove, while soluble oil splashes can be washed out with water. When lubricating grease is required, approximately 20% water is mixed with the drilling oil. Soluble fats can also be made by mixing the oil with 10% stearic acid and then saponifying it with an equal amount of a 4% aqueous solution of triethanolamine.
A. | Oleic acid | 15 dl |
Spindle oil | 75 dl | |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé | 5 dl | |
Spirit | 5 dl | |
B. | Turkish brown oil | 30 dl |
Spindle oil | 50 dl | |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 20° Bé | 10 dl | |
Spirit | 10 dl | |
C. | Rosin oil | 18 dl |
Spindle oil | 74 dl | |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé | 5 dl | |
Isopropyl alcohol | 5 dl | |
D. | Naphthenic acid | 25 dl |
Oleic acid | 25 dl | |
Spindle oil | 100 dl | |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 24° Bé | 25 dl | |
Spirit | 25 dl | |
E. | Resin oil | 10 dl |
Oleic acid | 10 dl | |
Spindle oil | 70 dl | |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 36° Bé | 5 dl | |
Methyl alcohol | 5 dl | |
F. | Spindle oil | 80 dl |
Tall oil | 20 dl | |
Caustic soda (KOH) 40° Bé | 8 dl | |
Methylhexaline | 1-2 dl |
Rosin (colophony) | 7 | ,5 | dl |
Spindle oil | 20 | dl | |
Oleic acid | 6 | dl | |
Spindle oil | 44 | dl | |
Caustic soda 32° Bé (NaOH) | 4 | dl | |
Spirit | 2 | ,1 | dl |
The resin is dissolved in the first portion of spindle oil by heating to about 100°C. After this, the other ingredients are added in the order indicated while stirring well. The alcohol is only added when the mass has already cooled. The boron oil can also be made transparent by adding 1 to 2% methylhexaline. The latter product offers the great advantage that it is virtually non-volatile. |
A. | Rosin oil | 28 | dl | |
Caustic soda (KOH) 38° Bé | 10 | dl | ||
Spindle oil | 64 | dl | ||
B. | Degras | 40 | dl | |
Resin | 29 | dl | ||
Rosin oil | 21 | dl | ||
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé | 10 | dl | ||
C. | Beef fat | 10 | dl | |
Spindle oil | 10 | dl | ||
Japan wax | 1 | dl | ||
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé | 4 | ,2 | dl |
Lard | 10-20 dl |
Paraffin oil | 80-90 dl |
Fragrance as desired |
Rosin oil | 10 dl |
Degras | 10 dl |
Lubricating oil | 80 dl |
Pine oil | 10 dl |
Triethanolamine linoleate | 1 dl |
Water | 8 dl |
Stearic acid | 24 dl |
Ozokerite | 1 dl |
Paraffin | 3 dl |
Thick lubricating oil | 82 dl |
Castor oil, | |
soluble in lubricating oil | 500 dl |
Alcohol | |
(with gasoline denatured) | 350 dl |
Camphor oil | 100 dl |
or: | |
Castor oil, | |
soluble in lubricating oil | 400 dl |
Iron carbonyl | 150 dl |
Alcohol (with gasoline) | 300 dl |
50 cm³ of both are added per 10 l of petrol. The latter also prevents engine knocking. |
A. | Fat | 114 dl |
Calcium hydrate | 16 dl | |
Lubricating oil visc. 500 by 40℃ | 870 dl | |
B. | Fat | 123 dl |
Calcium hydrate | 17 dl | Lubricating oil visc. 100 by 40℃ | 855 dl |
C. | Fat | 205 dl |
Calcium hydrate | 34 dl | |
Lubricating oil | 760 dl | |
D. | Whale oil fatty acid | 12 dl |
Calcium hydrate | 3 dl | |
Lubricating oil | 100 dl | |
E. | Rapeseed oil | 16 dl |
Oleic acid (dest.) | 4 dl | |
Calcium hydrate | 3 dl | |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé | 3 dl | |
Spindle oil | 74 dl | |
The properties of the consistent grease depend very strongly on the iodine value of the grease and on the type of lubricating oil. Certain types of lubricating oil, such as Romanian, are difficult to process, greases with a low iodine number provide higher melting consistency greases. The agitator of the kettle must not run too fast, as the fat can separate.
The fat is often colored slightly with aniline yellow, sometimes fillers such as talcum and graphite are added. In all cases it is recommended to level the fat by finely grinding it through a roller mill.
Resin | 9 dl |
Machine oil | 82 dl |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé | 9 dl |
Finely ground graphite | 2 dl | |
Talcum | 5 dl | |
Consistent grease | 93 dl | |
of: | ||
Ground graphite | 7 dl | |
Cylinder oil | 7 dl | |
Consistent grease | 86 dl | |
Animal fatty acids | 9 dl |
Zinc white | 1 dl |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 30 % | 4 dl |
Thick dark lubricating oil | 90 dl |
The fatty acids are melted and a small portion of the lubricating oil is added. The zinc white is ground with a little lubricating oil into a fine paste. Now the zinc white and the lye are carefully added to the molten fatty acid and the temperature is raised to 150°C while stirring. Only now is the rest of the lubricating oil gradually added, heated until everything is homogeneous and then allowed to cool |
Whale oil | 60 dl |
Lead(II) oxide | 22 dl |
Dark lubricating oil | 420 dl |
The oil is placed in a directly fired kettle and the oil is heated to 260°-270° C. At this temperature, the litharge is gradually added while stirring well and the temperature is kept at 270° C for 2 hours. After this, it is allowed to cool slightly and add the lubricating oil. |
a. Dark: | |
Uncleaned montan wax | 25 dl |
Rapeseed oil | 5 dl |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 10% | 10 dl |
Paraffin oil, dark, | |
s.g. 0,910 | 275 dl |
Light: |
|
Bleached montan wax | 25 dl |
Oleic acid | 10 dl |
Refined spindle oil | 80 dl |
Marble lime hydrate | 5 dl |
b. |
|
Dark paraffin oil | 82 dl |
Raw montan wax | 15 dl |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 38° Bé | dl |
Melting point about 70°C. | |
How to do:To prepare these fats, first put half of the mineral oil in the kettle, heat it slightly and then add the wax. The mixture is now heated until the wax has completely dissolved, after which the lime stirred with water is added, or the lye, while stirring well. This must be done very carefully and one should not add more than is bound in that time. When the mass is homogeneous, add the rest of the lubricating oil and allow to cool while stirring. Finally, the fat is passed through a roller crusher. |
Talcum | 35 dl |
Sodium hydroxide | 6,5 dl |
Cylinder oil | 50 dl |
Water | 10 dl |
Ceresin | 70 dl | |
Beef fat | 70 dl | |
Melt together, heat to 80° and mix with: | ||
Graphite | 30 dl |
Hard beef fat | 10 dl |
Dark Vaseline (petroleum jelly) | 80 dl |
Ground graphite | 10 dl |
Diglycol stearate | 4 dl |
Water | 96 dl |
Graphite | 10 dl |
The stearate is first dissolved in warm water and the solution is stirred until it has cooled. The graphite powder is then added and stirred until a homogeneous suspension is obtained. For this purpose, the graphite powder must be very finely ground, too coarse a powder settles too quickly. |
Talc | 40 dl |
Sodium hydroxide | 7 dl |
Cylinder oil | 45 dl |
Water | 10 dl |
Uncleaned wool grease | 20 dl |
Wool grease pitch | 10 dl |
Thick lubricating oil | 50 dl |
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé | 6 dl |
Flake graphite | 16 dl |
or: | |
Wool grease (lanolin) | 40 dl |
Blown rapeseed oil | 10 dl |
Tallow | 25 dl |
Flake graphite | 25 dl |
Consistent grease | 92 dl |
Graphite | 8 dl |
Barium stearate | 50 dl |
Lubricating oil | 40 dl |
Talcum | 10 dl |
The lubricating oil is heated with the barium stearate to 120 to 150℃ until everything is dissolved. After this, the talcum is mixed. |
White lead | 250 dl |
Flake graphite | 250 dl |
Cylinder oil | 2000 dl |
Rosin oil | 12 dl |
Lubricating oil | 25 dl |
Potash 10° Bé | 1 dl |
Calcium hydrate | 4½ dl |
These are cooked in the manner of the consistency fats. In addition, they serve: |
|
Graphite | 35 dl |
Lubricating oil | 22½ dl |
and mixes this graphite paste with the fat emulsion |
Spindle oil | 48 dl |
Lanette wax SX | 3 dl |
Stearic acid | 4 dl |
Oleic acid | 6 dl |
Potassium caustic soda 1:1,25° Bé | 5 dl |
Turkish red oil | 5 dl |
Soap spirit | 5 dl |
Methylhexaline | 2 dl |
Water | 22 dl |
The Spindle oil is heated to 80°C and the lanette wax, stearic and oleic acid are dissolved in it. It is allowed to cool to 50 DEG C. and the lye is added first and then the other ingredients. The white fat can be diluted with more water. |
Fuel oil | 80 dl |
Rosin oil | 8 dl |
Calcium hydrate | 8 dl |
Most of the oil is put in a kettle, heated slightly and the rosin oil is added. The lime hydrate is mixed with equal parts of water and with the rest of the oil to form a paste and add this paste to the oil while stirring well. |
|
In winter one increases the amount of resin oil and takes, for example: |
|
Fuel oil | 77 dl |
Rosin oil | 10 dl |
Calcium hydrate | 8 dl |
The permanganate is dissolved in the 25-fold amount of water, the sulfuric acid is diluted with the 10-fold amount of water. The fat is melted at the lowest possible temperature. While stirring well, the permanganate solution is now gradually added to the melted fat and then stirred for another half hour. The diluted sulfuric acid is then added while stirring vigorously and stirring is continued for another quarter of an hour. Finally, the mixture is heated to boiling and allowed to boil until the separated brownstone is completely dissolved again. This usually takes about an hour. Then the aqueous solution is allowed to settle quietly and the fat is washed out well with clean water after the manganese solution has been drained off.
Now that hydrogen peroxide can nowadays be supplied cheaply in high concentrations, it is also often used for bleaching fat.
No foreign substances are formed and the grease hardly needs to be washed out.
A second tank is used to store the spent acids. The used sulfuric acid can either be stored in demijohns or it is drained into a lead-lined tank.
Castor oil is now added to the tank, to about a third of its capacity. In a very thin jet, 20% of the weight of 98% sulfuric acid castor oil is now poured into the oil. One must stir very vigorously and by cooling one must ensure that the temperature does not exceed 38℃. After all the acid has been added, the agitator is left to run for another half hour. After this, the mixture remains quiet for 24 hours.
The next day, the same volume of water is now added to the oil, stirred well and the mixture is allowed to stand for another 24 hours. At this time, the liquid now separates into two layers, the lower one containing the excess acid, the upper layer being the oil. The acid solution is now drained off and the oil is washed once with 15 to 20 percent brine. Finally, the oil is neutralized with ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution at 24° Bé until the oil is completely clear.
We are not yet sure about the origin of petroleum, it probably owes its origin to fatty and waxy products from the plant kingdom, which were slowly converted into hydrocarbons over thousands of centuries under high pressure and at a higher temperature. In addition to petroleum, one also finds porous slates soaked with oil, asphalt and here and there small amounts of earth wax.
The crude oil is distilled, usually giving off gases first, followed by light and heavy grades of gasoline, finally lamp kerosene; the last quantities only distill at very high temperatures, where they are partially decomposed. The lubricating oil is now obtained from these high-boiling components, for which certain contaminants must first be removed. There are several methods for refining. The most beautiful method is that of Edleanu, in which liquid sulfurous acid is used to remove the unsaturated hydrocarbons that later cause the decomposition of the lubricating oil.
The purified oil is then distilled in vacuo and with superheated steam.
The non-distillable residues are further processed in other ways as gold iron or petroleum asphalt. By passing the higher boiling components through hot tubes, the large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, cracked, and lower boiling hydrocarbons are obtained. According to this method it is possible to make gasoline from lubricating oil. In addition, it is again possible to make high-boiling saturated hydrocarbons from low-boiling unsaturated hydrocarbons by heating them with certain substances. According to this method, since the unsaturated hydrocarbons can be made from coke or coal, it is also possible to make lubricating oil from coal.
Furthermore, in recent years it has also been possible to make products from coal by reduction with hydrogen, which can be processed on lubricating oil and on petrol. This semi-synthetic lubricating oil has particularly good properties and can be used for many purposes.
Since the possibility cannot be ruled out that the amount of petroleum that we can extract every year becomes less than the amount we need, the extraction of gasoline and lubricating oil from coal is of the utmost importance. In addition, large quantities of volatile hydrocarbons and paraffin can be obtained from peat and lignite. The modern chemical industry is thus able to produce from the raw materials available those products which humanity needs.
The gases escaping from many petroleum sources contain hydrocarbons which can be converted into higher alcohols with the aid of chlorine in other substances. These alcohols are used in large quantities as solvents for lacquers, especially after they have been fortified with acids. Thus, from the first simple distillation of crude petroleum, a chemical industry has grown, the future development of which cannot yet be foreseen.
While by far the largest part of the lubricants used is covered by mineral oil, ie by petroleum products, vegetable and animal oils are still required for a large number of special products.
The vegetable and animal oils, which therefore consist of esters of glycerin and fatty acid, can be mixed with ordinary lubricating oil after a certain pre-treatment. Especially for oil that must be able to withstand high temperatures, such as cylinder oil, both types of oil are mixed and compounded.
A large area is the manufacture of consistency greases, which generally consist of a solution of soap in mineral oil. The fatty oil is saponified with lye or lime, depending on the melting point required of the fat, in the presence of part of the mineral oil, and then the resulting concentrated soap solution is diluted with the remainder of the oil. On cooling, the solution gelatinizes, whereby it must be imagined that the soap separates insoluble in the form of a spongy framework and retains the oil in its pores. As a result, the consistent grease is on the one hand sufficiently solid not to run off liquid even at high temperatures, and on the other hand, the spongy structure allows the enclosed oil to be released slowly and regularly.
Also Vaseline has a similar structure. Here the skeleton consists of solid paraffin and the pores are filled with liquid oil.
While in the past, it was known for petroleum, one had to lubricate completely with fatty oil, nowadays pure fatty oil is only used in certain cases used, for example claw oil for fine tools and castor oil for aircraft engines.
A very peculiar lubricant is graphite, which, due to its flake-like structure, is able to fill even the smallest irregularities of a metal surface. The smallest amount of oil is then sufficient on this absolutely smooth surface to prevent contact between the two moving parts. This is therefore the explanation for the good lubricating properties of oil mixed with graphite.
In turning, milling and drilling, it is usually required that the lubricant simultaneously cools the workpiece. For this purpose, the oil is emulsified with water, as water cools down considerably due to its high specific heat. As an emulsifier one can take soap, Turkish red oil or one of the modern emulsifiers, which, however, are usually too expensive. It is sufficient if the emulsion remains stable long enough. Furthermore, it must be ensured that the drilling oil does not contain any volatile components that evaporate from the drum and make it difficult for the oil to emulsify with water during use.
A large area is the manufacture of consistent greases, which generally consist of a solution of soap in mineral oil. The fatty oil is saponified with lye or lime, depending on the melting point required of the fat, in the presence of part of the mineral oil, and then the resulting concentrated soap solution is diluted with the remainder of the oil. On cooling, the solution gelatinizes, whereby it must be imagined that the soap separates insoluble in the form of a spongy framework and retains the oil in its pores. As a result, the consistent grease is on the one hand sufficiently solid not to run off as a liquid even at high temperatures, and on the other hand, the spongy structure allows the enclosed oil to be released slowly and regularly.
While in the past, before oil was known, one had to lubricate completely with fatty oil, nowadays pure fatty oil is only used in certain cases, for example claw oil for fine tools and castor oil for aircraft engines.
A very peculiar lubricant is graphite, which, due to its flake-like structure, is able to fill even the smallest irregularities of a metal surface. The smallest amount of oil is then sufficient on this absolutely smooth surface to prevent contact between the two moving parts. This is the explanation for the good lubricating properties of oil mixed with graphite.
Turning, milling and drilling usually require the lubricant to cool the workpiece at the same time. For this purpose, the oil is emulsified with water, as water cools down considerably due to its high specific heat. As an emulsifier one can take soap, Turkish red oil or one of the modern emulsifiers, which, however, are usually too expensive. It is sufficient if the emulsion remains stable long enough. Furthermore, care must be taken that the drilling oil does not contain any volatile components which evaporate from the vessel and which make it difficult for the oil to emulsify with water during use.