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Oils and Lubricants

Consistent grease, drill oil emulsions, graphite grease & more...

Petroleum

Since 1859, petroleum has been one of the most important minerals. While crude petroleum was initially processed only on petroleum lamps, it now provides us with an ever-expanding range of products that we can no longer do without.

We are not yet sure about the origin of petroleum, it probably owes its origin to fatty and waxy products from the vegetable kingdom, which were slowly converted into hydrocarbons over thousands of centuries under high pressure and at higher temperatures. In addition to petroleum, one also finds porous slates soaked with oil, asphalt and small amounts of wax here and there...read more

Lubricants

The service life of all rubbing moving parts depends almost entirely on the type of lubricant used. The lubricant must prevent direct contact between the moving parts and must therefore form a cohesive film on the surface. It is clear that depending on the speed and the pressure, the nature of the lubricant will have to be completely different. A universally usable lubricating oil or lubricating grease cannot therefore exist, the oil must be very accurately adapted to the purpose. Particularly in recent years, substances such as graphite and talcum have also been added to lubricating oils and consistency greases...read more

Drill oil emulsions

Since today drilling oil is generally used in turning and milling and therefore some of this oil always remains on the tool. It is necessary that drilling oil, used for these purposes, does not contain any substances that promote rusting. The formerly widely used drilling oil with ammonia as an emulsifier is not at all suitable for this, as the ammonia soap promotes rusting. Since the emulsion is pumped around here and is therefore used again and again, the stability of the emulsion must be particularly good. In general, using ordinary soap as an emulsifier is no longer an option. Adding methylhexaline to the soap makes the emulsion very stable. The somewhat unpleasant smell is not a problem for the workshop, but the price is quite high.

A drilling oil that really meets all requirements can be made with triethanolamine. So here the added fatty acid is not saponified with lye but with triethanolamine. a strongly alkaline organic substance. These soaps are completely odorless and absorb large amounts of oil into a very stable emulsion.

To do this, the lubricating oil is mixed with approximately 10% oleic acid and the oleic acid is now neutralized with triethanelamine. which requires about 5%. One can use lubricating oil with a very good lubricating capacity, which is very difficult to emulsify with other means.

These oils are also used in the textile industry. Regular oil splashes are difficult to remove, while soluble oil splashes can be washed out with water. When lubricating grease is required, approximately 20% water is mixed with the drilling oil. Soluble fats can also be made by mixing the oil with 10% stearic acid and then saponifying it with an equal amount of a 4% aqueous solution of triethanolamine.

Drill oil emulsions

A. Oleic acid 15 dl

Spindle oil 75 dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé 5 dl

Spirit 5 dl

B. Turkish brown oil 30 dl

Spindle oil 50 dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 20° Bé 10 dl

Spirit 10 dl

C. Rosin oil 18 dl

Spindle oil 74 dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé 5 dl

Isopropyl alcohol 5 dl

D. Naphthenic acid 25 dl

Oleic acid 25 dl

Spindle oil 100 dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 24° Bé 25 dl

Spirit 25 dl

E. Resin oil 10 dl

Oleic acid 10 dl

Spindle oil 70 dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 36° Bé 5 dl

Methyl alcohol 5 dl

F. Spindle oil 80 dl

Tall oil 20 dl

Caustic soda (KOH) 40° Bé 8 dl

Methylhexaline 1-2 dl

Drill oil with resin

Rosin (colophony) 7 ,5 dl
Spindle oil 20
dl
Oleic acid 6
dl
Spindle oil 44
dl
Caustic soda 32° Bé (NaOH) 4
dl
Spirit 2 ,1 dl
The resin is dissolved in the first portion of spindle oil by heating to about 100°C. After this, the other ingredients are added in the order indicated while stirring well. The alcohol is only added when the mass has already cooled. The boron oil can also be made transparent by adding 1 to 2% methylhexaline. The latter product offers the great advantage that it is virtually non-volatile.

Wire drawing oil

A. Rosin oil 28
dl

Caustic soda (KOH) 38° Bé 10
dl

Spindle oil 64
dl

B. Degras 40
dl

Resin 29
dl

Rosin oil 21
dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé 10
dl

C. Beef fat 10
dl

Spindle oil 10
dl

Japan wax 1
dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé 4 ,2 dl
rosie the riveter
'Rosie the Riveter' (WOII)

Drill oil [1]

Pine oil 30 dl
Soybean fatty acid 10 dl
Water 6 dl
Caustic soda (KOH) 50° Bé 4 dl
Pine-oil 50 dl
Spindle oil 300 dl
The first three components are first mixed, heated and then the caustic soda is added. A liquid soap is obtained after a short time. This soap is then mixed with the next amount of pine oil and the spindle oil.

Drill oil [2]

Spindle oil 1000 dl
Oleic acid 120 dl
Butyl alcohol 70 dl
Triethanolamine 5 dl
Caustic soda (KOH) 38° Bé 45 dl

Sulfurized drilling oil

Sulfur 9 dl
Pork fat 32 dl
Lubricating oil 150 dl
The fat is melted and heated to 200°C. At this temperature, the sulfur is added as sulfur flour with stirring. The mixture is kept at this temperature until the sulfur remains completely dissolved even after cooling, so that a drop of the melt on a glass plate has an absolutely smooth surface. After this, the lubricating oil is gradually added.

Penetrating oil

Pine oil 30 dl
Blown rapeseed oil 40 dl
Paraffin oil 60 dl
Trichlorethylene 20 dl
Petroleum 120 dl
of:
Spindle oil 80 dl
Petroleum 30 dl
Butyl alcohol 15 dl

Oil for loosening bolts

Pine oil 300 dl
Blown rapeseed oil 30 dl
Carbon tetrachloride 10 dl
Petroleum 100 dl
Paraffin oil 70 dl
 or:
Petroleum 20 dl
Spindle oil 70 dl
Sec. butyl alcohol 10 dl

Insoluble oil for wool

Lard 10-20 dl
Paraffin oil 80-90 dl
Fragrance as desired

Leather oil

Rosin oil 10 dl
Degras 10 dl
Lubricating oil 80 dl

Greasing oil for iron

Paraffin oil 90 dl
Anhydrous lanolin 10 dl

Gun barrel oil

White vaseline 150 dl
Bone fat (acid-free) 50 dl

Thick oil

The viscosity, i.e. the viscosity of animal, vegetable and mineral oils can be increased by dissolving 7 to 10% ethylcellulose in them. Furthermore, the palmitates and stearates of aluminum are used for this purpose.

Solid pine oil

Pine oil 10 dl
Triethanolamine linoleate 1 dl
Water 8 dl

Porcelain mold oil

Stearic acid 24 dl
Ozokerite 1 dl
Paraffin 3 dl
Thick lubricating oil 82 dl

Top lubricating oil

Castor oil,
 soluble in lubricating oil 500 dl
Alcohol
 (with gasoline denatured) 350 dl
Camphor oil 100 dl
 or:
Castor oil,
 soluble in lubricating oil 400 dl
Iron carbonyl 150 dl
Alcohol (with gasoline) 300 dl
50 cm³ of both are added per 10 l of petrol. The latter also prevents engine knocking.
castrol-motor-oil

Consistent grease

Consistent grease is a mineral oil-based agent for the maintenance and protection of metal parts. It is highly viscous and water repellent, and protects against corrosion and rust formation. It also has lubricating properties.
A. Fat 114 dl

Calcium hydrate 16 dl

Lubricating oil visc. 500 by 40℃ 870 dl

B. Fat 123 dl

Calcium hydrate 17 dl

Lubricating oil visc. 100 by 40℃ 855 dl

C. Fat 205 dl

Calcium hydrate 34 dl

Lubricating oil 760 dl

D. Whale oil fatty acid 12 dl

Calcium hydrate 3 dl

Lubricating oil 100 dl

E. Rapeseed oil 16 dl

Oleic acid (dest.) 4 dl

Calcium hydrate 3 dl

Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé 3 dl

Spindle oil 74 dl

How to do:
The fat is melted in a boiler heated by steam, mixed with approximately the same amount of lubricating oil and saponified. The lime is stirred with water for this purpose. The soap is boiled until a small sample is hard. After this, the rest of the lubricating oil is gradually added.

The properties of the consistent grease depend very strongly on the iodine value of the grease and on the type of lubricating oil. Certain types of lubricating oil, such as Romanian, are difficult to process, greases with a low iodine number provide higher melting consistency greases. The agitator of the kettle must not run too fast, as the fat can separate.

The fat is often colored slightly with aniline yellow, sometimes fillers such as talcum and graphite are added. In all cases it is recommended to level the fat by finely grinding it through a roller mill.

Hard consistent grease

Resin 9 dl
Machine oil 82 dl
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé 9 dl

Consistent grease with
graphite

Finely ground graphite 2 dl
Talcum 5 dl
Consistent grease 93 dl
 of:
Ground graphite 7 dl
Cylinder oil 7 dl
Consistent grease 86 dl

Zinc-containing consistent grease

Animal fatty acids 9 dl
Zinc white 1 dl
Caustic soda (NaOH) 30 % 4 dl
Thick dark lubricating oil 90 dl
The fatty acids are melted and a small portion of the lubricating oil is added. The zinc white is ground with a little lubricating oil into a fine paste. Now the zinc white and the lye are carefully added to the molten fatty acid and the temperature is raised to 150°C while stirring. Only now is the rest of the lubricating oil gradually added, heated until everything is homogeneous and then allowed to cool

Leaded consistent grease

Whale oil 60 dl
Lead(II) oxide 22 dl
Dark lubricating oil 420 dl
The oil is placed in a directly fired kettle and the oil is heated to 260°-270° C. At this temperature, the litharge is gradually added while stirring well and the temperature is kept at 270° C for 2 hours. After this, it is allowed to cool slightly and add the lubricating oil.

Consistent grease

a. Dark:
Uncleaned montan wax 25 dl
Rapeseed oil 5 dl
Caustic soda (NaOH) 10% 10 dl
Paraffin oil, dark,
 s.g. 0,910 275 dl
Light:
Bleached montan wax 25 dl
Oleic acid 10 dl
Refined spindle oil 80 dl
Marble lime hydrate 5 dl
b.
Dark paraffin oil 82 dl
Raw montan wax 15 dl
Caustic soda (NaOH) 38° Bé dl
Melting point about 70°C.
How to do:
To prepare these fats, first put half of the mineral oil in the kettle, heat it slightly and then add the wax. The mixture is now heated until the wax has completely dissolved, after which the lime stirred with water is added, or the lye, while stirring well. This must be done very carefully and one should not add more than is bound in that time. When the mass is homogeneous, add the rest of the lubricating oil and allow to cool while stirring. Finally, the fat is passed through a roller crusher.

Locomotive consistent grease

Talcum 35 dl
Sodium hydroxide 6,5 dl
Cylinder oil 50 dl
Water 10 dl

Graphite grease

Ceresin 70 dl
Beef fat 70 dl
Melt together, heat to 80° and mix with:
Graphite 30 dl

Special graphite grease

Hard beef fat 10 dl
Dark Vaseline (petroleum jelly) 80 dl
Ground graphite 10 dl

Graphite suspension

Diglycol stearate 4 dl
Water 96 dl
Graphite 10 dl
The stearate is first dissolved in warm water and the solution is stirred until it has cooled. The graphite powder is then added and stirred until a homogeneous suspension is obtained. For this purpose, the graphite powder must be very finely ground, too coarse a powder settles too quickly.

Gearbox grease

Talc 40 dl
Sodium hydroxide 7 dl
Cylinder oil 45 dl
Water 10 dl

Gear grease

Uncleaned wool grease 20 dl
Wool grease pitch 10 dl
Thick lubricating oil 50 dl
Caustic soda (NaOH) 40° Bé 6 dl
Flake graphite 16 dl
or:
Wool grease (lanolin) 40 dl
Blown rapeseed oil 10 dl
Tallow 25 dl
Flake graphite 25 dl
vesuvius-motor-graphite

Marine graphite grease

Consistent grease 92 dl
Graphite 8 dl

Valve lubricant

Barium stearate 50 dl
Lubricating oil 40 dl
Talcum 10 dl
The lubricating oil is heated with the barium stearate to 120 to 150℃ until everything is dissolved. After this, the talcum is mixed.

Chain lubricant

White lead 250 dl
Flake graphite 250 dl
Cylinder oil 2000 dl

Bicycle chain grease

Rosin oil 12 dl
Lubricating oil 25 dl
Potash 10° Bé 1 dl
Calcium hydrate 4½ dl
These are cooked in the manner of the consistency fats.
In addition, they serve:
Graphite 35 dl
Lubricating oil 22½ dl
and mixes this graphite paste with the fat emulsion

Women at the lathe
Women at the lathe, men at the front (Manchester Art Gallery)
Ruby Loftus screwing a Breech-ring © IWM (Art.IWM ART LD 2850)

Drill grease

Spindle oil 48 dl
Lanette wax SX 3 dl
Stearic acid 4 dl
Oleic acid 6 dl
Potassium caustic soda 1:1,25° Bé 5 dl
Turkish red oil 5 dl
Soap spirit 5 dl
Methylhexaline 2 dl
Water 22 dl
The Spindle oil is heated to 80°C and the lanette wax, stearic and oleic acid are dissolved in it. It is allowed to cool to 50 DEG C. and the lye is added first and then the other ingredients. The white fat can be diluted with more water.

Tram rail grease

Fuel oil 80 dl
Rosin oil 8 dl
Calcium hydrate 8 dl
Most of the oil is put in a kettle, heated slightly and the rosin oil is added. The lime hydrate is mixed with equal parts of water and with the rest of the oil to form a paste and add this paste to the oil while stirring well.
In winter one increases the amount of resin oil and takes, for example:
Fuel oil 77 dl
Rosin oil 10 dl
Calcium hydrate 8 dl

Thread grease

Lanolin Anhydrous 450 dl
Vaseline 60 dl
Camphor 90 dl

Rigging grease

Degras 30 dl
Heavy petroleum 60 dl
Caustic soda (NaOH) 26° Bé 10 dl

Lubricant for stamps and molds

Oleic acid soap 1 dl
Petroleum 5 dl
 or:
Stearin soap 1 dl
Petroleum 9 dl

Lubricating powder

Zinc stearate 1 dl
Talcum 1 dl
This mixture can be used for smoothing parts of machines on which white fabrics are processed.

Bleaching of animal fats

A good bleach is potassium permangate. 1½ to 4% potassium permanganate and ½ to 6% sulfuric acid are used.

The permanganate is dissolved in the 25-fold amount of water, the sulfuric acid is diluted with the 10-fold amount of water. The fat is melted at the lowest possible temperature. While stirring well, the permanganate solution is now gradually added to the melted fat and then stirred for another half hour. The diluted sulfuric acid is then added while stirring vigorously and stirring is continued for another quarter of an hour. Finally, the mixture is heated to boiling and allowed to boil until the separated brownstone is completely dissolved again. This usually takes about an hour. Then the aqueous solution is allowed to settle quietly and the fat is washed out well with clean water after the manganese solution has been drained off.

Now that hydrogen peroxide can nowadays be supplied cheaply in high concentrations, it is also often used for bleaching fat.

No foreign substances are formed and the grease hardly needs to be washed out.

Palm oil bleaching

The oil is heated to 90℃ and mixed with 0.01% cobalt resinate. After this, air is blown through the fat for as long (about 2 hours) until it is sufficiently bleached.

Turkish red oil

The primary requirement for manufacturing sulfonated oil is a lead-lined reservoir with an agitator and cooling tubes. Furthermore, a tap must be fitted at the bottom to be able to drain the liquids. If necessary, cold water is allowed to flow through the cooling tubes. in the summer it may be necessary to connect an ice machine.

A second tank is used to store the spent acids. The used sulfuric acid can either be stored in demijohns or it is drained into a lead-lined tank.

Castor oil is now added to the tank, to about a third of its capacity. In a very thin jet, 20% of the weight of 98% sulfuric acid castor oil is now poured into the oil. One must stir very vigorously and by cooling one must ensure that the temperature does not exceed 38℃. After all the acid has been added, the agitator is left to run for another half hour. After this, the mixture remains quiet for 24 hours.

The next day, the same volume of water is now added to the oil, stirred well and the mixture is allowed to stand for another 24 hours. At this time, the liquid now separates into two layers, the lower one containing the excess acid, the upper layer being the oil. The acid solution is now drained off and the oil is washed once with 15 to 20 percent brine. Finally, the oil is neutralized with ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution at 24° Bé until the oil is completely clear.


About petroleum

Since 1859 petroleum has been one of the most important minerals. While crude oil was initially processed only on lamps of kerosene, today it provides us with an ever-expanding range of products that we can no longer do without.

We are not yet sure about the origin of petroleum, it probably owes its origin to fatty and waxy products from the plant kingdom, which were slowly converted into hydrocarbons over thousands of centuries under high pressure and at a higher temperature. In addition to petroleum, one also finds porous slates soaked with oil, asphalt and here and there small amounts of earth wax.

The crude oil is distilled, usually giving off gases first, followed by light and heavy grades of gasoline, finally lamp kerosene; the last quantities only distill at very high temperatures, where they are partially decomposed. The lubricating oil is now obtained from these high-boiling components, for which certain contaminants must first be removed. There are several methods for refining. The most beautiful method is that of Edleanu, in which liquid sulfurous acid is used to remove the unsaturated hydrocarbons that later cause the decomposition of the lubricating oil.

The purified oil is then distilled in vacuo and with superheated steam.

The non-distillable residues are further processed in other ways as gold iron or petroleum asphalt. By passing the higher boiling components through hot tubes, the large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, cracked, and lower boiling hydrocarbons are obtained. According to this method it is possible to make gasoline from lubricating oil. In addition, it is again possible to make high-boiling saturated hydrocarbons from low-boiling unsaturated hydrocarbons by heating them with certain substances. According to this method, since the unsaturated hydrocarbons can be made from coke or coal, it is also possible to make lubricating oil from coal.

Furthermore, in recent years it has also been possible to make products from coal by reduction with hydrogen, which can be processed on lubricating oil and on petrol. This semi-synthetic lubricating oil has particularly good properties and can be used for many purposes.

Since the possibility cannot be ruled out that the amount of petroleum that we can extract every year becomes less than the amount we need, the extraction of gasoline and lubricating oil from coal is of the utmost importance. In addition, large quantities of volatile hydrocarbons and paraffin can be obtained from peat and lignite. The modern chemical industry is thus able to produce from the raw materials available those products which humanity needs.

The gases escaping from many petroleum sources contain hydrocarbons which can be converted into higher alcohols with the aid of chlorine in other substances. These alcohols are used in large quantities as solvents for lacquers, especially after they have been fortified with acids. Thus, from the first simple distillation of crude petroleum, a chemical industry has grown, the future development of which cannot yet be foreseen.

While by far the largest part of the lubricants used is covered by mineral oil, ie by petroleum products, vegetable and animal oils are still required for a large number of special products.

The vegetable and animal oils, which therefore consist of esters of glycerin and fatty acid, can be mixed with ordinary lubricating oil after a certain pre-treatment. Especially for oil that must be able to withstand high temperatures, such as cylinder oil, both types of oil are mixed and compounded.

About lubricants

The service life of all rubbing moving parts depends almost entirely on the type of lubricant used. The lubricant must prevent direct contact between the moving parts and must therefore form a cohesive film on the surface. It is clear that depending on the speed and the pressure, the nature of the lubricant will have to be completely different. A universally usable lubricating oil or lubricating grease cannot therefore exist, the oil must be very accurately adapted to the purpose. Particularly in recent years, substances such as graphite and talcum have also been added to lubricating oils and consistency greases.

A large area is the manufacture of consistency greases, which generally consist of a solution of soap in mineral oil. The fatty oil is saponified with lye or lime, depending on the melting point required of the fat, in the presence of part of the mineral oil, and then the resulting concentrated soap solution is diluted with the remainder of the oil. On cooling, the solution gelatinizes, whereby it must be imagined that the soap separates insoluble in the form of a spongy framework and retains the oil in its pores. As a result, the consistent grease is on the one hand sufficiently solid not to run off liquid even at high temperatures, and on the other hand, the spongy structure allows the enclosed oil to be released slowly and regularly.

Also Vaseline has a similar structure. Here the skeleton consists of solid paraffin and the pores are filled with liquid oil.

While in the past, it was known for petroleum, one had to lubricate completely with fatty oil, nowadays pure fatty oil is only used in certain cases used, for example claw oil for fine tools and castor oil for aircraft engines.

A very peculiar lubricant is graphite, which, due to its flake-like structure, is able to fill even the smallest irregularities of a metal surface. The smallest amount of oil is then sufficient on this absolutely smooth surface to prevent contact between the two moving parts. This is therefore the explanation for the good lubricating properties of oil mixed with graphite.

In turning, milling and drilling, it is usually required that the lubricant simultaneously cools the workpiece. For this purpose, the oil is emulsified with water, as water cools down considerably due to its high specific heat. As an emulsifier one can take soap, Turkish red oil or one of the modern emulsifiers, which, however, are usually too expensive. It is sufficient if the emulsion remains stable long enough. Furthermore, it must be ensured that the drilling oil does not contain any volatile components that evaporate from the drum and make it difficult for the oil to emulsify with water during use.

A large area is the manufacture of consistent greases, which generally consist of a solution of soap in mineral oil. The fatty oil is saponified with lye or lime, depending on the melting point required of the fat, in the presence of part of the mineral oil, and then the resulting concentrated soap solution is diluted with the remainder of the oil. On cooling, the solution gelatinizes, whereby it must be imagined that the soap separates insoluble in the form of a spongy framework and retains the oil in its pores. As a result, the consistent grease is on the one hand sufficiently solid not to run off as a liquid even at high temperatures, and on the other hand, the spongy structure allows the enclosed oil to be released slowly and regularly.

Vaseline also has a similar structure. Here the framework consists of solid paraffin and the pores are filled with liquid oil.

While in the past, before oil was known, one had to lubricate completely with fatty oil, nowadays pure fatty oil is only used in certain cases, for example claw oil for fine tools and castor oil for aircraft engines.

A very peculiar lubricant is graphite, which, due to its flake-like structure, is able to fill even the smallest irregularities of a metal surface. The smallest amount of oil is then sufficient on this absolutely smooth surface to prevent contact between the two moving parts. This is the explanation for the good lubricating properties of oil mixed with graphite.

Turning, milling and drilling usually require the lubricant to cool the workpiece at the same time. For this purpose, the oil is emulsified with water, as water cools down considerably due to its high specific heat. As an emulsifier one can take soap, Turkish red oil or one of the modern emulsifiers, which, however, are usually too expensive. It is sufficient if the emulsion remains stable long enough. Furthermore, care must be taken that the drilling oil does not contain any volatile components which evaporate from the vessel and which make it difficult for the oil to emulsify with water during use.




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