Electronics
For those who like to work with electronics or just want to build an electronic circuit, it is useful to have at hand the color codes or numerical codes that are printed on some components. For example, how do you recognize the value stated on a resistor or capacitor? The color code tables and color calculator on this page make this a lot easier! The resistance value is expressed in ohms or Ω. 1000Ω is the same as 1KΩ (1Kilo ohm) or 1K and 1000KΩ is the same as 1MΩ (1 Mega ohm) or 1M.
Calculate the resistance values from the color codes
Design by Free Web Design Community
Capacitors
A capacitor's capacitance can be stamped on it indicating the value directly or using the EAI code, which indicates all values in picoFarad. For example, the code 2R2 indicates 2.2 (picoFarad). Or the code 682 where the third digit represents the number or zeros that belong after the first two digits; So 6800 pF in this example.| picoFarad | nanoFarad | microFarad | EAI-code |
| pF | nF | uF or mfd | stamp |
| 1 | 0,001 | 0,000001 | 010 |
| 1,5 | 0,0015 | 0,0000015 | 1R5 |
| 2,2 | 0,0022 | 0,0000022 | 2R2 |
| 3,3 | 0,0033 | 0,0000033 | 3R3 |
| 3,9 | 0,0039 | 0,0000039 | 3R9 |
| 4,7 | 0,0047 | 0,0000047 | 4R7 |
| 5,6 | 0,0056 | 0,0000056 | 5R6 |
| 6,8 | 0,0068 | 0,0000068 | 6R8 |
| 8,2 | 0,0082 | 0,0000082 | 8R2 |
| 10 | 0,01 | 0,00001 | 100 |
| 15 | 0,015 | 0,000015 | 150 |
| 22 | 0,022 | 0,000022 | 220 |
| 33 | 0,033 | 0,000033 | 330 |
| 47 | 0,047 | 0,000047 | 470 |
| 56 | 0,056 | 0,000056 | 560 |
| 68 | 0,068 | 0,000068 | 680 |
| 82 | 0,082 | 0,000082 | 820 |
| 100 | 0,1 | 0,0001 | 101 |
| 120 | 0,12 | 0,00012 | 121 |
| 130 | 0,13 | 0,00013 | 131 |
| 150 | 0,15 | 0,00015 | 151 |
| 180 | 0,18 | 0,00018 | 181 |
| 220 | 0,22 | 0,00022 | 221 |
| 330 | 0,33 | 0,00033 | 331 |
| 470 | 0,47 | 0,00047 | 471 |
| 560 | 0,56 | 0,00056 | 561 |
| 680 | 0,68 | 0,00068 | 681 |
| 750 | 0,75 | 0,00075 | 751 |
| 820 | 0,82 | 0,00082 | 821 |
| 1000 | 1 or 1n | 0,001 | 102 |
| 1500 | 1,5 or 1n5 | 0,0015 | 152 |
| 2000 | 2 or 2n5 | 0,002 | 202 |
| 2200 | 2,2 or 2n2 | 0,0022 | 222 |
| 3300 | 3,3 or 3n3 | 0,0033 | 332 |
| 4700 | 4,7 or 4n7 | 0,0047 | 472 |
| 5000 | 5 or 5n | 0,005 | 502 |
| 5600 | 5,6 or 5n6 | 0,0056 | 562 |
| 6800 | 6,8 or 6n8 | 0,0068 | 682 |
| 10000 | 10 or 10n | 0,01 | 103 |
| 15000 | 15 or 15n | 0,015 | 153 |
| 22000 | 22 or 22n | 0,022 | 223 |
| 33000 | 33 or 33n | 0,033 | 333 |
| 47000 | 47 or 47n | 0,047 | 473 |
| 68000 | 68 or 68n | 0,068 | 683 |
| 100000 | 100 or 100n | 0,1 | 104 |
| 150000 | 150 or 150n | 0,15 | 154 |
| 200000 | 200 or 200n | 0,20 | 204 |
| 220000 | 220 or 220n | 0,22 | 224 |
| 330000 | 330 or 330n | 0,33 | 334 |
| 470000 | 470 or 470n | 0,47 | 474 |
| 680000 | 680 or 680n | 0,68 | 684 |
| 1000000 | 1000 | 1,0 | 105 |
| 1500000 | 1500 | 1,5 | 155 |
| 2000000 | 2000 | 2,0 | 205 |
| 2200000 | 2200 | 2,2 | 225 |
| 10000000 | 10000 | 10 | 106 |
Capacitors values in color code
The capacity or a capacitor can also be indicated with a color code that may differ per capacitor type but is basically the same.You can see some options below.
About polarity and more...
The ordinary capacitors, which are the subject of the tables on this page, do not have a plus or minus connection.The situation is different with electrolytic capacitors. They have a plus and a minus connection. If they are connected the wrong way around, they will certainly become defective and with a bit of bad luck they will explode. The latter also happens if they are connected correctly but the maximum voltage they can tolerate is exceeded. The maximum voltage, as well as the capacitance, is usually stated in clear text on the electrolytic capacitor.
Electrolytic capacitors are available in large capacities. The latest technologies make it possible to squeeze a lot of capacity into a small housing. These so-called SuperCaps or GoldCaps are very interesting as a voltage buffer in sensitive electronic circuits.
Electrolytic capacitors (Radial lead type) - Panasonic Industry
LEDs & LEDs Calculator for series resistor
About LEDs (Light Emitting Diode)
A diode is a component that can pass current in only one direction. It does this as soon as a certain voltage difference has been reached (threshold voltage). With a normal diode, this threshold voltage is between 0.15 and 0.6 V, depending on the type. With LEDs, the threshold or forward voltage is much higher.The LED (Light Emitting Diode) is nothing more than a diode that emits light when a current flows through it. This current only starts to flow when the forward voltage of the LED has been reached, approximately 3.5 volts. The current should be limited to usually about 20 mA to avoid burnout. A series resistor is usually used for this. Please note that heat is developed in this resistance.
LEDs are available in various colors, from cold to warm white, in yellow, red, green and blue. There is also an RGB version. With this type of LED you can create all the colors of the rainbow.
And then there are the so-called power LEDs. With their high power, they are used in flashlights and spotlights.
LED with series resistor
Note that heat is developed
in the resistor. Therefore,
choose a sufficiently heavy type.
LEDs in series with series resistor
Multiple LEDs in series can be very beneficial for the power lost in the resistor.
LEDs in parallel with series resistor
When connected in parallel, a larger current flows through the resistor, with associated heat development.
So not really recommended.
LM317 as constant current source
and LED driver
The LM317 is very suitable as a fixed power source. Although it can be done with a fixed voltage and a series resistor, a current source is the best way to control a LED.Applications include power LEDs in flashlights, but also something as simple as bicycle lighting.
Provided your supply voltage is high enough, you can also connect several LEDs in series. This will not increase power consumption.
LM317 as constant voltage source
and LED driver
The LM317 is also very suitable for converting a varying input voltage into a stable fixed output voltage. Applied in this way, you can also control LEDs. Model railroaders in particular will find a fixed voltage source interesting. For example, you can use it to create realistic model train lighting.Using the formula below you can easily calculate the output voltage at which the LED(s) must operate. Finally, don't forget to include a series resistor in series with the LED(s) to limit the current.
555 - Astable Multivibrator
The oscillator circuit is undisputedly the most common application with the 555. Countless circuits can be devised and implemented with it. From straightforward beepers, flashing lights and windshield wiper machines to inventive circuits with sensors, meters, transmitters and receivers, musical, medical and scientific equipment and projects. Many novice electronics hobbyists acquire around 555 basic knowledge of electronics with simple circuits.Period times
A period is the time for a full on/off cycle to repeat itself and the duty cycle is the percentage of time the signal was high in a period of time. In a stable 555 circuit, the duty cycle can never be lower than 50%.
Wikipedia writes: The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, delay, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. Read more about 555 at Wikipedia.
connections
555
Astable Multivibrator Calculator
| Capacitor C: | ||
|---|---|---|
| Resistor R1: | ||
| Resistor R2: |
By selecting the appropriate values for R1, R2 and C, we can determine the frequency and duty cycle of the oscillation:
| Frequency: | ▶ | |
|---|---|---|
| Period (T): | ||
| Duty Cycle: | ||
| Time High (T1): | ||
| Time Low (T0): |
555
Reverse 555 Calculator
The calculator below provides possible resistor and capacitor values, based on a desired frequency and duty cycle.
| Frequency (F): | Hz |
|---|---|
| Duty Cycle: | % |
Possible values:
555
LED blinking light
The scheme below is popular with model railroaders, for making flashing lights at railway crossings, or other situations. But the circuit can just as easily be used as a signaling light in electronic circuits. Or simply in the car to simulate a burglar alarm. The scheme is equipped with two LEDs, which alternately turn on and off. If 1 LED is enough, you can safely leave one out.
R1 , R2 = 1,5K
R3, R4 = 470
P1 = 100K
D1, D2 = LED
C1 = 1uF
C2 = 10nF
C3 = 100uF
IC1 = NE555
Test
We decline all responsibility with regard to errors in the information, in the translation, possible harmfulness of mentioned substances and possible harmful consequences of working with these substances or of following the translated recipes on this website. For more information you read the disclaimer.
copyright © 2023 -
mixandstir.com - all rights reserved